LINUXOPOLIS #41 • C
LINUXOPOLIS
A short summary of building a personal Linux environment.Published with SteemPeak
The content was written as simple text with Vim. I keep the structure of the text blocks simple, so you can easily copy the text into your own wiki.
This document is intended to give you a first overview of a topic and to encourage you to make further searches.
Screenshot by Willi GlenzCONTENTS
VIM - Vi IMPROVED, A PROGRAMMERS TEXT EDITOR
037 • first-steps
034 • vimrc
001 • vim-mode in bash
035 • session
020 • documentation
040 • github repository
027 • ranger - a file manager with vi key bindings
BASH - BOURNE-AGAIN-SHELL
026 • bash
012 • bashrc
008 • aliases
015 • shortcuts
022 • one-liner & cowsay
038 • job-control
SCHEDULED JOBS
042 • at
028 • cron
PROGRAMMING
030 • c // new
025 • java
019 • python
024 • awk
030 • eclipse
ADMINISTRATION
047 • users
046 • youtube-dl // update
045 • languages
044 • raspberry pi
043 • fish // update
041 • sources
039 • task & timewarrior
036 • i3wm
033 • snap
032 • network
031 • swap space
029 • system information
023 • memory
021 • neofetch
018 • glances
017 • debian
016 • screen
014 • linux-from-scratch (lfs)
013 • toolbox
011 • fuzzi finder
010 • cryptocurrencies
009 • /etc/fstab
007 • ram-disk permanent
006 • ram-disk temporary
005 • sources.list for debian-stretch
004 • system update and upgrade
003 • dconf-editor
002 • gnome-tweak-tool
#048
048 • C
$ gcc -v
HELLO WORLD
$ vim hello.c
> #include <stdio.h>
>
> int main()
> {
> printf("Hello, World! \n");
> return 0;
> }
:wq
$ gcc hello.c
$ ./a.out
SOURCES
• TutorialsPoint : tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/
047 • USERS
PATHS
/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/group
/etc/profile
/etc/default/useradd
~/.bashrc
~/.profile
STATUS
# passwd -S user1
$ clear; finger; echo; finger user1; echo
$ cut -d: -f1 < /etc/passwd | sort | xargs
# find /home -uid 1000 | wc -l
# find /home -uid 1000 | tee 1000-files.txt
# find / -uid 1000 -exec chown -v 1002:1002 {} \;
$ id -u root
$ id -u user1
$ id user1
$ fuser -v /media/xyz
$ getent passwd user1
CREATING I // Debian
# ls -lisa /etc/skel
# vim /etc/adduser.conf
# adduser user1
# passwd -S user1
$ clear; finger; echo; finger user1; echo
$ id user1
CREATING II // Low level
# ls -lisa /etc/skel
# useradd -D
# vim /etc/default/useradd
# useradd user1 // Default
# useradd user1 -c "User's full name" -d /home/test -u 1099 // Modified
# passwd user1
# passwd -S user1
$ clear; finger; echo; finger user1; echo
$ id user1
MODIFYING
# usermod -c "Another full name" user1
# chown -R user1:user1 /home/userxyz
# vim /etc/sudoers
DELETING
# passwd -u user1
# passwd -l user1
# userdel -r user1
046 • YOUTUBE-DL
FISH-FUNCTION
~> vim /home/user/.config/fish/functions/yt.fish
> function yt
> sudo -H pip install --upgrade youtube-dl
> end
:wq
SOURCES
• Documentation : github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/blob/master/README.md#readme
045 • LANGUAGES
INSTALLATION/CONFIGURATION
• # apt-get purge locales
• # apt-get install locales
• # dpkg-reconfigure locales
• # dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration
• # locale-gen
PATHS
• /etc/locale.gen
• /etc/default/locale
• /etc/environment ( login - gdm - ssh )
COMMANDS
• $ locale
• $ apt-cache show locales
• $ locale -a
LANGUAGE-CODE
• language-code_COUNTRY-CODE
• ISO-8859-1 “Latin 1”
• ISO-8859-15 “Latin 9”
• UTF-8 unicode.org
SOURCES
• file:///usr/share/doc/debian-handbook/html/en-US/basic-configuration.html#sect.config-language-support
• wiki.debian.org/Locale
• unicode.org
044 • RASPBERRY PI
$ clear; lsblk; lsblk -l
$ dd bs=4M if=2018-10-09-raspbian-stretch.img of=/dev/sdX status=progress conv=fsync
# raspi-config
MAGPI 2019
• Issue 81 2019-05 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi81.pdf
• Issue 80 2019-04 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi80.pdf
• Issue 79 2019-03 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi79.pdf
• Issue 78 2019-02 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi78.pdf
• Issue 77 2019-01 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi77.pdf
MAGPI 2018
• Issue 76 2018-12 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi76.pdf
• Issue 75 2018-11 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi75.pdf
• Issue 74 2018-10 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi74.pdf
• Issue 73 2018-09 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi73.pdf
• Issue 72 2018-08 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi72.pdf
• Issue 71 2018-07 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi71.pdf
• Issue 70 2018-06 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi70.pdf
• Issue 69 2018-05 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi69.pdf
• Issue 68 2018-04 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi68.pdf
• Issue 67 2018-03 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi67.pdf
• Issue 66 2018-02 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi66.pdf
• Issue 65 2018-01 : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/MagPi65.pdf
DOCUMENTATION
• Beginners Guide : raspberrypi.org/magpi-issues/Beginners_Guide_v1.pdf
SOURCES
• Homepage : raspberrypi.org
• Configuration : raspberrypi.org/documentation/configuration/
• Download : raspberrypi.org/downloads/raspbian/
043 • FISH
INSTALLATION
# apt-get install fish
$ man fish
PATHS
~/.config/fish
~/.config/fish/functions
CONFIGURATION
~> fish_config
~> vim ~/.config/fish/config.fish
~> fish_vi_key_bindings
-> fish_default_key_bindings
EXAMPLES
$ fish
~> help
function c
clear
echo
neofetch
cowsay -W 131 -f moose (cat ~/bin/oneliner.txt | shuf -n1)
echo
end
function s -d "Steem Price"
if $argv = "";
set argv 3;
end
set STEEM rate.sx/steem@{$argv}d
clear
curl $STEEM
end
SOURCES
• Homepage : fishshell.com
• Tutorial : fishshell.com/docs/current/tutorial.html
• Documentation : fishshell.com/docs/current/index.html
• Commands : fishshell.com/docs/current/commands.html
• FAQ : fishshell.com/docs/current/faq.html
• Design : fishshell.com/docs/current/design.html
042 • AT
$ at now | midnight | noon | teatime | HH:MM
> echo "Hello World!"
> <ctrl-d>
$ from
$ tty # Terminal number
$ at now +60 minutes
> echo "Hello World!" > /dev/pts/2
> <ctrl-d>
$ at 1am tomorrow
$ at now +1 minutes | hours | weeks
$ at 4pm +3 days
$ at 10am Jul 31
$ at noon shutdown -h now
$ atq : list pending jobs
$ atrm id : id from atq
SOURCES
$ man at
$ man at.allow
$ man at.deny
$ man atd
• time specification can be found in /usr/share/doc/at/timespec
041 • SOURCES
MAN-PAGES ( -? --help man info pinfo /usr/share/doc )
• $ manpath
• $ mandb
• $ man man
• $ man -a bash
• $ man -t bash | lp
• $ man -k bash; apropos bash; whatis bash
DEBIAN-ADMINISTRATOR-HANDBOOK
• # apt-get install debian-handbook
• $ dpkg -L debian-handbook | grep -i index
• > /usr/share/doc/debian-handbook/html/en-US/index.html
• > file:///usr/share/doc/debian-handbook/html/en-US/index.html
DEBIAN-FAQ
• # apt-get install debian-faq
• $ dpkg -L debian-faq | grep -i index
• > /usr/share/doc/debian/FAQ/index.en.html
• > file:///usr/share/doc/debian/FAQ/index.en.html
DEBIAN-REFERENCE
• # apt-get install debian-reference
• $ dpkg -L debian-reference
• $ ls -l /usr/share/doc/debian-reference/docs/ | grep -i index
• > /usr/share/doc/debian-reference/docs/index.en.html
• > file:///usr/share/doc/debian-reference/docs/index.en.html
DEBIAN-REFERENCE-CARD
• # apt-get install debian-refcard
• $ dpkg -L debian-refcard | grep -i index
• > /usr/share/doc/debian-refcard/index.html
• > file:///usr/share/doc/debian-refcard/index.html
• > file:///usr/share/doc/debian-refcard/refcard-en-a4.pdf.gz
DEBIAN-DOCUMENTATION
• $ ls -l /usr/share/doc | less
• $ man man
• wiki.debian.org
LINUX
• linux.com
• kernel.org
• linuxlinks.com
• tldp.org/LDP/intro-linux/html/index.html
• tldp.org/sorted_howtos_full.html
OPEN-BOOKS
• O'Reilly - oreilly.com/openbook
• Rheinwerk (de) - rheinwerk-verlag.de/openbook/
040 • VIM - GITHUB REPOSITORY
$ cd ~/Apps # Place of your local installations
$ git clone https://github.com/vim/vim.git # At the first time
$ git pull # Update to the latest version
$ cd vim/src
# make distclean # If you build Vim before
# make
# make install
SOURCE
• vim.org/git.php
039 • TASK & TIMEWARRIOR
INSTALLATION
$ apt-cache search taskwarrior timewarrior
# apt-get install taskwarrior tasksh timewarrior
$ apt-cache show taskwarrior taskwarrior
$ man task
CONFIGURATION TASKWARRIOR
$ vim ~/.taskrc
CONFIGURATION TIMEWARRIOR
$ ls -l ~/.timewarrior
$ cp /usr/local/share/doc/timew/ext/on-modify.timewarrior ~/.task/hooks/
$ chmod +x ~/.task/hooks/on-modify.timewarrior
$ vim ~/.timewarrior/timewarrior.cfg
> define exclusions:
> monday = <9:00 12:30-13:00 >17:00
> tuesday = <9:00 12:30-13:00 >17:00
> wednesday = <9:00 12:30-13:00 >17:00
> thursday = <9:00 12:30-13:00 >17:00
> friday = <9:00 12:30-13:00 >17:00
> saturday = >0:00
> sunday = >0:00
:wq
STOPWATCH
$ timew
$ timew start
$ timew stop
TASKWARRIOR
$ task
$ task add project:Phoenix Task1
$ task add project:Running Task2
$ task
$ task 1 edit
$ task 1 modify priority:H
$ task 1 modify due:eow
$ task 1 modify due:eom
$ task 1 modify project:Java
$ task 1 start
$ task 1 stop
$ task 1 information
$ task calc now + 21d
$ task calendar 2019
$ task
$ task 1 done
$ task 2 delete
$ task
$ task burndown.daily; task burndown.weekly; task burndown.monthly
$ alias t='clear; task'
$ alias tt='clear; task burndown.daily'
TIMEWARRIOR
$ timew start | stop | continue
$ timew running start | stop
$ timew day | week | month
$ timew tags
$ timew summary
SOURCES TASKWARRIOR
• Homepage taskwarrior.org
• Documentation taskwarrior.org/docs
• Tutorial taskwarrior.org/docs/30second.html
SOURCES TIMEWARRIOR
• Tutorial taskwarrior.org/docs/timewarrior/tutorial.html
• Documentation taskwarrior.org/docs/timewarrior
038 • JOB-CONTROL
$ vim ~/.vimrc <ctrl>+z
$ vim ~/.bashrc <ctrl>+z
$ ranger <ctrl>+z
$ htop <ctrl>+z
$ glances &
$ jobs
$ fg 1
RUN A BACKGROUNd-JOB
$ sleep 10000 &
$ jobs -l
$ kill 12345
SOURCES
$ help jobs
$ help fg
$ help bg
037 • VIM FIRST-STEPS
INSTALL VIM
# apt-get install vim gvim vim-doc vim-scripts
$ dpkg -L vim-doc
# update-alternatives --config editor
$ vim --version | less
REMAP <CAPS LOCK> TO <ESC>
• GNOME-TWEAK-TOOL: Typing-Tab > Caps Lock key behaviour > Make Caps Lock an additional ESC
LEARN AND TRAIN THE BASICS
$ vimtutor en
$ firefox vim-adventures.com
DISABLE YOUR ARROW KEYS
$ vim ~/.vimrc
> map <up> <nop>
> imap <up> <nop>
> map <down> <nop>
> imap <down> <nop>
> map <left> <nop>
> imap <left> <nop>
> map <right> <nop>
> imap <right> <nop>
:wq
CONFIGURE YOUR BASH-ENVIRONMENT
: echo $MYVIMRC
# update-alternatives --config editor
$ vim ~/.bashrc
> EDITOR=/usr/bin/vim
> VISUAL=$EDITOR
> export EDITOR VISUAL
:wq
ACTIVATE VIM-MODE IN BASH
$ vim ~/.bashrc
> set -o vi
> bind -m vi-insert "\C-l" # clear-screen
:wq
ACTIVATE VIM-PLUGIN IN FIREFOX
> Plugin: Vim Vixen
036 • I3WM
Exit <alt><shift>e
Help F1
-------------------------------------------------------
Terminal <alt><enter>
Menu <alt>d
Workspace <alt>0-9
Move a window to another workspace <alt><shift>0-9
Fullscreen <alt>f
Kill a window <alt><shift>q
SOURCES
• Homepage : i3wm.org
• ReferenceCard : i3wm.org/docs/refcard.html
• Documentation : i3wm.org/docs/userguide.html
• Tutorial : youtu.be/Wx0eNaGzAZU
035 • VIM-SESSION
88 test $ vim -u NONE -N
99 exit :wq :q! ZZ ZQ
01 docu $ man vim
"" docu II $ firefox file:///usr/share/doc/vim-doc/html/index.html &
"" docu III :help user-manual • ^] ^o
"" docu IV :help edit :help grep ^d ^u
02 buffer $ ^xe
"" buffer :e :edit
"" buffer $ vim -O ~/.vimrc ~/.bashrc ^ww ^wr ^wc ^wq
"" buffer $ vim ~/.bashrc ~/.bashrc :args :ls :next :previous :n :N
"" buffer :buffers :badd :b1 :b2 :bn :bp :bf :bl
03 motion ^d ^u H M L zz zb zt z<enter> z- l h j k
04 insert i I s S a A o O C
05 window :vsplit ^wv :split ^ws
"" window :set nu nonu
"" window :set relativenumber norelativenumber
"" window :set hls nohls *
"" window :set ruler noruler
"" window :set linebreak nolinebreak
"" window :call matchadd('colorColumn', '\%81v', 100)
"" window ^ws ^wv ^wr ^wc ^wq
"" window gg G ^g 50% ^e ^y ^n ^u ^d ^f ^b
06 repeat .
07 macro qa :reg a @a
08 clipboard vj"+y
09 search / f * #<br>:set incsearch :nhls
10 change ~
"" change :%s/one/two/g
"" change :set hls <enter> * cw<esc> n :set nohls <enter>
"" change ci( ci{ ci<
11 delete x d$ diw dit di" dip das
12 undo redo u U ^r
13 match [InsertMode] ^n
14 abbreviate :ab :abc :unab ^v
15 mark m1 '1 `1 marks
16 fold zf5j zo zc zd
17 visual v ^v
18 text objects iw it i" ip as f F t T /
034 • VIM-VIMRC
: echo $MYVIMRC
$ vim --version | less
$ vim ~/.vimrc
---> Snipit
"DISABLE ARROW KEYS
map <up> <nop>
imap <up> <nop>
map <down> <nop>
imap <down> <nop>
map <left> <nop>
imap <left> <nop>
map <right> <nop>
imap <right> <nop>
"SYNTAX HIGHLIGHTING " :h syntax-highlighting
syntax enable
syntax on " :syntax on | off
"NUMBERS
"set number
set relativenumber
"GENERAL
filetype on
filetype plugin on
set nocompatible
"set laststatus=2
"set colorcolumn=80
"set cursorline
set incsearch
set hlsearch
set showmode
set ruler
set linebreak
set showcmd
set mouse=a
set background=dark
set encoding=utf8
"INDENT
set autoindent
"TABs
set tabstop=3
set softtabstop=3
set shiftwidth=3
set expandtab
"let mapleader = ","
"KEY MAPPINGS
map <F2> :echo 'Current time is ' . strftime('%c')<CR>
map <F5> :set list!<CR>
map <F6> :setlocal spell! spelllang=en_us<CR>
map ,c :!clear && javac % && java %:r<CR>
map ,d <esc>dG
map ,s :w<CR>
map ,w :w<CR>
"ABBREVIATIONS
:iab ii <esc>
:iab psv public static void(String[] args) {<cr>}<esc>ko
:iab sout System.out.println(
<---Snipit
033 • SNAP
INSTALLATION
# apt update && apt install snapd
$ snap version
$ whereis snapd
$ vim ~/.bashrc
> export PATH=/snap/bin:$PATH
:wq
PACKAGES
$ snap find idea
$ snap info intellij-idea-community
# snap install intellij-idea-community --classic
$ snap find eclipse
$ snap info eclipse
# snap install eclipse --classic
UPDATE
$ snap list
# snap refresh
SOURCES
• Homepage : snapcraft.io
• Documentation : docs.snapcraft.io/snap-documentation/3781
032 • NETWORK
CONFIGURATION
• /etc/hosts
• /etc/hostname
• /etc/resolv.conf
• /etc/network/interfaces
• /etc/init.d/networking
• /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/
• /etc/ssh/ssh_config
• # macchanger -r eth0
• # nm-connection-editor
• # hostname mars; cat /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
HOST
• $ inxi -i
• $ w3m myip.is
• $ w3m ifconfig.me
• $ curl ifconfig.me/all
• $ ip address show
• # ifconfig
• # ifconfig -a | grep -Po '\b(?!255)(?:\d{1,3}\.){3}(?!255)\d{1,3}\b' | xargs nmap -A -p0-
• # ifconfig eth0 down | up
• # netstat -tulpn
• $ netstat -ie
• $ netstat -a | less
• # clear; netstat -tupanc
• # clear; echo; netstat -i; echo; netstat -r
• $ sshfs name@server:/path/to/folder /path/to/mount/point
• $ nmap --iflist
• $ domainname
• $ dnsdomainname
• # iw dev wlan0 scan | egrep "SSID|signal" | awk -F ":" '{print $2}' | sed 'N;s/\n/:/' | sort
• $ speedometer -r eth0
LAN
• # arp-scan a.b.c.d/24
• $ ip neigh show
• $ ip route show
• $ ping -c4 8.8.8.8
• $ ping router.linux.local
• $ host 8.8.4.4
• $ nmap -A -T4 a.b.c.d
• $ nmap -sP a.b.c.d/24
• $ ssh -X [email protected]
WAN
• $ traceroute 8.8.8.8
• $ mtr --curses 8.8.4.4
SOURCES
• linuxhowtos.org/Security/understandssh.htm
• linux.die.net/Intro-Linux/chap_10.html
• file:///usr/share/doc/debian-handbook/html/en-US/index.html
031 • SWAP SPACE
CHECK
$ free -h
$ top | htop | atop | glances
$ vmstat -w
$ cat /proc/swaps
# fdisk -l
$ cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
TROUBLESHOOTING
01 # swapon -s
02 # ls -lh /tmp
03 # dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/swap_tmp bs=1024 count=1000000
04 # ls -lh /tmp
05 # chmod 600 /tmp/swap_tmp
06 # mkswap /tmp/swap_tmp
07 # swapon /tmp/swap_tmp
08 # swapon -s
09 # echo 100 > /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
PERMANENT
# blkid
# vim /etc/fstab
> # Emergency swap partition
> UUID= (value from blkid) none swap sw 0 0
:wq
030 • ECLIPSE
KEYS
• Activate Editor F12
• Quick Assist control+1 control+2 control+3
• Content Assist control+space
• Active Keybindings shift+control+l
• Full Screen alt+F11
• Maximum Editor control+m
• Open Declaration F3
• Toggle Breakpoint shift+control+b
• Insert line shift+enter shift+control+enter
• Run Debug control+F11 F11
EDITING
• Toggle Comment control+shift+/
• Format control+shift+f
• Maximum View control+m
• Folding control+<Num-Div>
• Delete line control+d
• Undo control+z
• Goto line number control+l
• Format control+shift+f
• sysout^<space>
• main^<space>
FOLDING
• control+shift+num-div
• control+num-plus
• control+num-minus
• control+num-multiply
SOURCES
• Homepage eclipse.org
• Download eclipse.org/downloads/download.php?file=/oomph/epp/2018-12/R/eclipse-inst-linux64.tar.gz
• Documentation help.eclipse.org/2019-03/index.jsp
• Tutorial tutorialspoint.com/eclipse/
029 • SYSTEM INFORMATION
LOCALHOST
• IP-Address $ hostname -i
• Runtime and load $ watch uptime
• Last reboot history $ last reboot
• System information I # inxi -v7
• System information II # inxi -v7 -c0 | tee system.txt
• Hostname I $ hostname; hostname -f; hostname -d
• Hostname II $ cat /etc/hostname; hostnamectl; uname --nodename
• Hostname III $ cat /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
• Hostname IV # hostname mars
• Prelogin message $ cat /etc/issue
• Shell $ echo $0
• Operating system $ cat /etc/os-release; lsb_release -a; uname --operating-system
• Debian version $ cat /etc/debian_version
• Debian Upgradeable packets $ apt-show-versions -u > upgradeableVersions.txt; vim upgradeableVersions.txt
• Kernel $ uname -a
• Kernel name $ uname --kernel-name
• Kernel release $ uname --kernel-release
• Kernel version $ uname --kernel-version
• Kernel ring buffer I # dmesg | less
• Kernel ring buffer II # dmesg | tail -n 25
• Rootkit scanner # chkrootkit
• System log I # logwatch | less
• System log II # tail -f /var/log/syslog
• Systemd journal # journalctl
• CPU Model $ cat /proc/cpuinfo
• Memory $ watch free -h
• Physical Memory $ grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo
• MEM Info $ cat /proc/meminfo
• Processes I $ ps auxw | sort | less
• Processes II $ atop
• Processes III $ htop
• Processes IV $ top
• Processes V $ glances
• Disk I # lshw -short -class disk
• File System Hierarchy (FHS) $ man hier
• Disk II $ df -hT
• Disk III # e4defrag /home -c
• Disk IV # du -hs /home/userxyz
• Disk V # du -h --max-depth=1 /home/userxyz | sort -n
• Disk VI # du -h --max-depth=1 / 2>/dev/null | sort -n
• Volumes # lshw -short -class volume
• USB # usbview; lsusb
• Documentation $ man -k . | less
NETWORK & SERVER
• ufw - ufw status # ufw status
• netstat - TCP Sessions # netstat -tupan
• nmap - Interfaces & Routes $ nmap --iflist
• arp-scan - ARP # arp-scan --localnet
• ip - Neighbours $ ip neigh; ip monitor
• mtr - Network diagnostic $ mtr --curses google.com
• sntop - Network status $ sntop
• nmap - Services $ nmap -A -T4 -Pn a.b.c.d
• nmap - Identify Internet Services $ nmap a.b.c.d; nmap -sP a.b.c.d/24
• SYSSTAT $ sar -o file 10 8640
Homepage : sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/index.html
Documentation : sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/documentation.html
Tutorial : sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/tutorial.html
• BLEACHBIT # bleachbit --gui &
Homepage : bleachbit.org
Documentation : docs.bleachbit.org
Tutorial : bleachbit.org/videos
• CACTI : localhost/cacti : user admin
Homepage : cacti.net
Documentation : cacti.net/documentation.php
Tutorial : nwlab.net/tutorials/cacti/cacti-tutorial.html
• ZABBIX
Homepage : zabbix.com
Documentation : zabbix.com/documentation/1.8/start
Tutorial : zabbix.com/documentation/1.8/manual/tutorials
028 • CRON
COMMANDS
$ ls -ld /etc/cron*
# ranger /etc/cron.d
# crontab -l
# crontab -e
$ crontab -e
DAEMON
$ systemctl status cron.service
# service cron status
# service --status-all | less
CONFIGURATION
$ crontab -u user -e
> ┌──────────────── minute (0 - 59)
> │ ┌────────────── hour (0 - 23)
> │ │ ┌──────────── day of month (1 - 31)
> │ │ │ ┌────────── month (1 - 12)
> │ │ │ │ ┌──────── day of week (0 - 6) Sunday to Saturday
> │ │ │ │ │
> * * * * * echo "Test" >> /tmp/crontest.txt
> 0 9 * * * tar -zcf /var/backups/eclipse.tgz /home/user/eclipse-workspace/
> 0 9 * * 4 rm -rf /home/user/tmp/*
> 0 0 1,15 * * echo "Test" >> /tmp/crontest.txt
> */10 * * * * echo "Test" >> /tmp/crontest.txt
> 0 0-5 * * * echo "Test" >> /tmp/crontest.txt
> 0 0 */2 * * echo "Test" >> /tmp/crontest.txt
> */30 9/17 * * 1-5 echo "Test" >> /tmp/crontest.txt
> 0 12 * * * /usr/sbin/tripwire --check
:wq
SOURCES
$ w3m crontab.guru
$ man cron
$ man -a crontab
$ man 5 crontab
027 • RANGER - A console file manager with VI key bindings
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F10
help rename view edit copy cut mkdir delete exit
Exit : q
Help : ? <f1>
--------------------------------------
Shell : S s
Show hidden files : <ctrl>h
File rename : <ctrl>cw :rename
File delete : <ctrl>dD :delete
File tag : t ct
Go home : gh
Go /etc : ge
CONFIGURATION
$ vim ~/.config/ranger/rc.conf
> set draw_borders true
:wq
SOURCES
• Homepage ranger.github.io
• Documentation github.com/ranger/ranger/wiki
026 • BASH
ADVANCED-BASH-SCRIPTING-GUIDE
# apt install abs-guide
$ dpkg -L abs-guide
$ firefox file:///usr/share/doc/abs-guide/html/index.html &
SESSION
$ sudo !!
# apt-get update && apt-get upgrade && apt-get dist-upgrade; apt-get autoremove -yy
# init 0
# init 6
# shutdown -c
# shutdown -h 1:00
# shutdown -r now
SUDO
# visudo
> Defaults:user timestamp_timeout=30
SOURCES
• Homepage : gnu.org/software/bash/
• Documentation : gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/index.html
• Bash-Guide-for-Beginners : tldp.org/LDP/Bash-Beginners-Guide/html/index.html
• Advanced-Bash-Scrip-Guide : tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/
025 • JAVA
ORACLE-TUTORIALS
Index : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/reallybigindex.html
Getting Started : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/getStarted
Language Basics : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/index.html
OOP Concepts : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts/index.html
Classes and Objects : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/index.html
Annotations : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/annotations/index.html
Interfaces and Inheritance: docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/IandI/index.html
Numbers and Strings : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/data/index.html
Generics : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/generics/index.html
Packages : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/package/index.html
Exceptions : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/exceptions/index.html
Basic I/O : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/io/index.html
Concurrency : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/concurrency/index.html
Platform Environment: docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/environment/index.html
Regular Expressions : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/essential/regex/index.html
Collections : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/collections/index.html
Date & Time : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/datetime/index.html
Deployment : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/deployment/index.html
Swing : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/uiswing/index.html
JavaFX : docs.oracle.com/javase/8/javase-clienttechnologies.htm
Networking : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/networking/index.html
Generics : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/extra/generics/index.html
Internationalization: docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/i18n/index.html
JavaBeans : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/javabeans/index.html
JDBC : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/jdbc/index.html
RMI : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/rmi/index.html
Reflection : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/reflect/index.html
Security : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/security/index.html
Sound : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/sound/index.html
2D Graphics : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/2d/index.html
AWK • SWING • JavaFX
• O'Reilly : oreilly.com/openbook/javawt/book/index.html
• Bradley Kjell : chortle.ccsu.edu/java5/Notes/chap55/ch55_1.html
• TutorialsPoint : tutorialspoint.com/swing/index.htm
• Oracle Trail : docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/uiswing/
• Oracle JavaFX : docs.oracle.com/javase/8/javase-clienttechnologies.htm
TERMINAL
# apt-get install default-jdk default-jdk-doc openjdk-11-jdk openjdk-11-doc
$ java -version; javac -version
# update-java-alternatives -l
# update-java-alternatives -s java-1.11.0-openjdk-amd64
# update-alternatives --display java
# update-alternatives --config java
$ mkdir -p /tmp/java/{tools,test,phoenix};cd /tmp/java; ls -lisa
$ vim Main.java <ctrl>+z fg
$ ( cd /tmp/java/; vim Main.java )
024 • AWK
$ awk 'BEGIN { print "Don\47t Panic!" }'
$ awk -F: '{ print $1 }' /etc/passwd | sort | tee user.txt
$ awk -F: '$1 == "userxyz" { print $0 }' /etc/passwd
$ awk -F: '/userxyz|root/ { print $0 }' /etc/passwd
INSTALLATION
# apt-get install gawk gawk-doc
$ dpkg -L gawk-doc | less
> file:///usr/share/doc/gawk-doc/gawk-html/index.html#Top
DOKUMENTATION
• Manual : gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/gawk.html
• Tutorial I : tutorialspoint.com/awk/index.htm
• Tutorial II : tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/sedawk.html
023 • MEMORY
SYSTEM-INFORMATION
$ top $ htop $ atop $ glances
$ watch free -h
$ less /proc/meminfo
$ cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
# sysctl -a
TROUBLESHOOTING
# sysctl -a
# sysctl vm.swappiness=15
# sysctl -a
# sysctl -a
# bash -c "sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
# sysctl -p
# sysctl -a
022 • ONE-LINER & COWSAY
INSTALLATION
$ cp ~/.bashrc ~/.bashrc_old
$ echo 'clear' >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo 'echo' >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo 'neofetch' >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo 'cowsay -W 80 -f moose $(cat ~/bin/oneliner.txt | shuf -n1)' >> ~/.bashrc
$ echo 'echo'
$ . ~/.bashrc
ONE-LINER-TEXTFILE
$ vim ~/bin/oneliner.txt
> $ alias ea='vim ~/.bash_aliases && source ~/.bash_aliases'
> # bash -c "sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
> $ cat /etc/passwd | cut -d: -f7 | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr
> $ cat /etc/shells
> $ curl wttr.in
> $ echo "It is now $(date +%T) on $(date +%A)"
> $ find -size +1G | less
> $ find -size +100M | less
> # find /home -user userxyz -size +1G
> $ find . -name "*.jpg" -exec convert {} -scale 50% +repage {} \;
> $ find ~ -maxdepth 1 -type f -exec grep "^alias " '{}' \; -print
> $ find ~ -maxdepth 1 -type f -mtime 3
> $ find ~ -maxdepth 1 -type f -exec grep "^alias " '{}' \; -print
> # find / -uid 1000 -exec chown -v 1002:1002 {} \;
> # find / -user userxyz -type f -exec rm -f {} \;
> $ find /etc -type f -print 2> /dev/null | less
> $ find /etc/*tab -type f -print
> # find /home -user userxyz -mtime -3
> $ mkdir -p Backups/{Sales,Development,HR}/{Jan,Feb,Mar,Apr,May,Jun,Jul,Aug,Sep,Oct,Nov,Dec}/{Sun,Mon,Tue,Wed,Thu,Fri,Sat}
> # mkdir -p /mnt/ram; mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /mnt/ram -o size=8192M
> $ mkdir -p dummy/{1..100}/{1..100}
> $ mpg123 -zvC /home/user/music/*
> $ ranger ~/.local/share/Trash/
> $ sudo -H pip install --upgrade youtube-dl
> $ watch -d -n 5 ls -l
> $ watch free -h
> $ watch mail
:wq
021 • NEOFETCH
$ apt-cache search neofetch
$ apt-cache show neofetch
# apt install neofetch
$ cp ~/.bashrc ~/.bashrc_old
$ \ls -lisa ~/.bashrc*
$ echo "neofetch" >> ~/.bashrc
$ . ~/.bashrc
---
$ inxi -v1
020 • VIM-DOCUMENTATION
SOURCES
• Homepage - vim.org
• Reference - vimhelp.org/quickref.txt.html
• Documentation I - vimhelp.org
• Documentation II - vimhelp.org/usr_toc.txt.html
• FAQ - vimhelp.org/vim_faq.txt.html
• Wiki - vim.wikia.com/wiki/Vim_Tips_Wiki
• Bram Moolenaar - moolenaar.net/habits.html
• Ben McCormick I - benmccormick.org/2014/06/30/learning-vim-in-2014-the-basics
• Ben McCormick II - benmccormick.org/2014/07/02/learning-vim-in-2014-vim-as-language
• TutorialsPoint - tutorialspoint.com/vim/index.htm
MODES
• Normal Mode <esc>
• Insert Mode i, a, c
• Visual Mode v, V, <ctrl-v>
• Command-line Mode :, /
INSERT MODE
i : Insert text before the cursor.
I : Insert text before the first non-blank in the line.
s : Delete character under the cursor and start insert mode.
S : Delete line and start insert mode.
a : Enter insert mode after cursor.
A : Enter insert mode at the end of the line.
o : Enter insert mode on the next line.
O : Enter insert mode on th above line.
C : Delete from cursor to end of line and begin insert.
TEXT OBJECTS
aw : a word
aW : a WORD
iw : inner word
iW : inner WORD
ap : a paragraph
ip : inner paragraph
ab : a bracket
ib : inner bracket
at : a tag
it : inner tag
i" : inner quotes
ip : inner paragraph
i{ : inner brackets
as : a sentence
ABBREVIATIONS
:iab psvm public static void main(String[] args) {<CR>}<Esc>ko
:iab sysout System.out.println("");<Esc>2hi
:iab ii <esc><esc>
^v : deaktivate ab
019 • PYTHON
# apt-get install python3 python-pip spyder3 diveintopython3
$ pip install --pre -U spider
$ python3
$ python -m SimpleHTTPServer
INSTALL ALTERNATIVE
$ python<tab><tab>
$ python --version
# update-alternatives --list python
# update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python2.7 1
# update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python /usr/bin/python3.5 2
# update-alternatives --list python
$ python --version
CHANGE/DELETE ALTERNATIVE
# update-alternatives --config python
# update-alternatives --remove python /usr/bin/python2.7
DIVE-INTO-PYTHON-3
# apt install diveintopython3
$ dpkg -L diveintopython3 | grep -i index
> /usr/share/doc/diveintopython3/html/index.html
> file:///usr/share/doc/diveintopython3/html/index.html
TUTORIALS
• Python from Scratch : open.cs.uwaterloo.ca/python-from-scratch/
• Tutorial : docs.python.org/3/tutorial/index.html
• Dive Into Python 3 : file:///usr/share/doc/diveintopython3/html/index.html
• Tutorial : file:///usr/share/doc/python3.5/html/tutorial/index.html
SOURCES
• Homepage : python.org
• Documentation : docs.python.org/3/
• CheatSheet : cheat.sh/python/:learn
• IDE : Spyder3
018 • GLANCES
$ apt-cache search glances
# apt install glances glances-doc
$ apt-cache show glances
$ man glances
$ dpkg -L glances
$ w3m /usr/share/doc/glances/html/quickstart.html
ALTERNATIVE
• Github : github.com/nicolargo/glances
# pip install --upgrade glances
017 • DEBIAN
Homepage : debian.org
Download : debian.org/distrib/netinst#smallcd
Tutorials : debiantutorials.com
DistroWatch : distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=debian
w3Tech : w3techs.com
Debian News : debian.org/News
Debian Security : debian.org/security/#DSAS
Debian Version $ cat /etc/debian_version
Package Documentation : /usr/share/doc
Sources List Generator : debgen.simplylinux.ch
Debian Backports : backports.org
DOCUMENTATION
• Documentation : debian.org/doc
• Installation Guide : debian.org/releases/stable/amd64/
• Release Notes : debian.org/releases/stable/amd64/release-notes/
• FAQ : debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-faq/
• Wiki : wiki.debian.org/FrontPage
• Debian & Java : debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-java-faq/index.en.html
• Securing Debian : debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/index.en.html
• Menu System : debian.org/doc/packaging-manuals/menu.html/ch1.html
• Networking HowTo : tldp.org/HOWTO/NET3-4-HOWTO.html
• Gnome : help.gnome.org
• Reference Card # apt install debian-refcard
$ dpkg -L debian-refcard | less
$ w3m /usr/share/doc/debian-refcard/index.html
• Reference : debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/
# apt install debian-reference-en
$ dpkg -L debian-reference-en
$ w3m /usr/share/doc/debian-reference/docs/index.en.html
• Handbook : debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-handbook/
# apt install debian-handbook
$ dpkg -L debian-handbook | less
$ w3m /usr/share/doc/debian-handbook/html/en-US/index.html
016 • SCREEN
# apt install screen
DOCUMENTATION
$ man screen
$ w3m gnu.org/software/screen/manual/screen.html
• ctrl a? : Keybindings
SESSIONS
$ screen -S firstsession glances
$ screen -X -S firstsession quit
$ screen -ls : List screen sessions
$ screen -r : Reattaching
$ screen -x : Attach to a not detached screen session
• ctrl ad : Detach session
• ctrl ax : Lock session
WINDOWS
• ctrl ac : Create window
• ctrl aA : Rename window
• ctrl aa : Toggle window
• ctrl a[0 .. 9] : Toggle window
• ctrl a| : Split window vertically
• ctrl aS : Split window horizontally
• ctrl aX : Kill pane
• ctrl an : Next window
• ctrl ap : Previous window
• ctrl ak : Kill window
• ctrl a\ : Kill all windows
• ctrl aw : Window bar
• ctrl a" : Window list
• ctrl ah : Hardcopy
EXAMPLE
$ screen -S firstsession
• ctrl aS
• ctrl a|
$ htop
• ctrl a<tab>
• ctrl ac
$ atop
• ctrl <tab>
• ctrl ac
$ df -hT
CONFIGURATION
# vim /etc/screenrc
$ vim ~/.screenrc
015 • SHORTCUTS
DAILY USE
• <ctrl>+z fg bg jobs <ctrl>+u <ctrl>+k <ctrl>+w <alt>+. <bash-vim-mode>
CHARACTER
• ctrl f : Move forward one character
• ctrl b : Move backward one character
• ctrl h : Generate a backspace character
• ctrl d : Delete one character
EDITOR
• ctrl xe : Editor
DESKTOP
• alt F2 : Run Command
HISTORY
• ctrl r : Search from history searching mode
• ctrl g : Escape from history searching mode
• alt . : Use the last word of the previous command
LINE
• esc # : Making the line a comment
• ctrl a : Go to the beginning of the line
• ctrl e : Go to the end of the line
• ctrl xx : Move between start of commandline and current position and back again
• ctrl eu : Clear the line
• ctrl k : Delete from cursor to the end of the line
• ctrl u : Delete from cursor to the start of the line
TERMINAL
$ gnome-terminal
• ctrl alt F3
• reset : Reset the terminal
• ctrl d or exit : Exit the terminal
• shutdown -h now : Shut down the system
SCREEN
• ctrl +- : Size
• ctrl l : Clear the screen
• ctrl s : Stop output to the screen
• ctrl q : Allow output to the screen
014 • LINUX-FROM-SCRATCH (LFS)
SOURCES
• Homepage : linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/index.html
• Download : linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/downloads/stable/
• Online-Book : linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/
• DistroWatch : distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=lfs
PROJECTS
• Linux From Scratch : linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/
• Beyond Linux From Scratch : linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/
• Automated Linux From Scratch : linuxfromscratch.org/alfs/
• Cross Linux From Scratch : trac.clfs.org/
STEPS
03 Virtualbox : # apt install virtualbox
02 Debian Live-CD : cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/
01 RTFM : linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/
013 • TOOLBOX
# apt install ...
A - alacarte atop aview
B - backintime-qt4 bluefish boostnote
C - calcurse clipit cherrytree cmus
E - espeak
F - firmware-iwlwifi firmware-realtek focuswriter fzf
G - gdebi gkrellm glances gnome-clocks gnome-do gparted grsync guake
H - htop hwinfo
I - inxi i3-wm
K - kismet
L - libreoffice links lsd lvm2
M - mc menulibre
N - netcat net-tools nmap
P - powertop printer-driver-cups
R - ranger
S - screen sudo syncthing
T - taskwarrior terminator timeshift timewarrior tripwire
V - veracrypt* vim virtualbox vym
W - w3m
Y - youtube-dl
012 • BASHRC
$ vim ~/.bashrc
> HISTCONTROL=ignoreboth:erasedups
> alias h='clear; echo; history 30; echo'
> set -o vi
> bind -m vi-insert "\C-l":clear-screen
> EDITOR=/usr/bin/vim
> VISUAL=$EDITOR
> export EDITOR VISUAL
:wq
011 • FUZZI FINDER
$ fzf -e --preview 'head -100 {}'
010 • CRYPTOCURRENCIES
$ curl rate.sx
$ curl rate.sx/btc@3d
$ curl rate.sx/steem@3d
009 • /ETC/FSTAB
# blkid
# vim /etc/fstab
> #RAMDISK
> none /media/ramdisk tmpfs nodev,nosuid,noexec,nodiratime,size=1024M 0 0
008 • ALIASES
$ alias
$ ls -l ~/.bash_aliases
$ cp ~/.bash_aliases ~/.bash_aliases_backup
$ alias > ~/.bash_aliases
$ vim ~/.bash_aliases
alias a='clear; echo; alias; echo'
alias b='clear; curl rate.sx/btc@3d'
alias b3='clear; curl rate.sx/btc@3d'
alias b30='clear; curl rate.sx/btc@30d'
alias bu='buku'
alias c='clear; neofetch; cowsay -W 131 -f moose $(cat ~/bin/oneliner.txt | shuf -n1); echo'
alias cc='clear; ncal -wy'
alias cdh='\cd; clear; echo; lsd -l; echo'
alias cdp='clear; \cd ~/.phoenix; echo; lsd -l; echo'
alias dir='dir --color=auto'
alias e='clear; cd ~/Apps; ./eclipse &'
alias ea='vim ~/.bash_aliases && source ~/.bash_aliases'
alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
alias g='clear; glances'
alias grep='grep --color=auto'
alias h='clear; echo; history 30; echo'
alias i='intellij-idea-community &'
alias l='clear; echo; lsd -l; echo'
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
alias p='(clear; \cd ~/.phoenix; java -jar phoenix.jar)'
alias py='clear; python3'
alias r='ranger'
alias rs='clear; rsync -avzP --delete --stats --exclude-from "/home/user/.exclude.txt" /home/user/ /media/'
alias s='clear; curl rate.sx/steem@3d'
alias s3='clear; curl rate.sx/steem@3d'
alias s30='clear; curl rate.sx/steem@30d'
alias sc='screen -S firstsession'
alias ss='clear; curl rate.sx/steem@1d; gnome-screenshot -ac'
alias t='clear; task; timew week; timew summary'
alias tm='clear; timew month'
alias tt='clear; task burndown.daily'
alias ttt='clear; task calendar 2019'
alias tw='timew'
alias u='clear; sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade; sudo apt-get autoremove -yy'
alias vdir='vdir --color=auto'
:wq
$ . ~/.bashrc
007 • RAM-DISK PERMANENT
# mkdir -p /media/ramdisk
# vim /etc/fstab
> none /media/ramdisk tmpfs nodev,nosuid,noexec,nodiratime,size=1024M 0 0
# mount -a
$ mount | column -t
006 • RAM-DISK TEMPORARY
# mkdir -p /media/ramdisk
$ mount | column -t
# mount -t tmpfs -o size=1024M tmpfs /media/ramdisk
# mount -a
$ mount | column -t
005 • SOURCES.LIST FOR DEBIAN-STRETCH
• # vim /etc/apt/sources.list
• # Security updates
• deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main contrib non-free
• deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security stretch/updates main contrib non-free
• # Base repository
• deb http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/ stretch main contrib non-free
• deb-src http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/ stretch main contrib non-free
• # Stable updates
• deb http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/ stretch-updates main contrib non-free
• deb-src http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/ stretch-updates main contrib non-free
• # Stable backports
• deb http://ftp.debian.org/debian stretch-backports main contrib non-free
• deb-src http://ftp.debian.org/debian stretch-backports main contrib non-free
• # Virtualbox
• deb https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/debian stretch contrib
004 • SYSTEM UPDATE AND UPGRADE
alias u='clear; sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade; sudo apt-get autoremove -yy'
003 • DCONF-EDITOR
# apt install dconf-editor && apt show dconf-editor
• /org/gnome/terminal/legacy/default-show-menubar
002 • GNOME-TWEAK-TOOL
# apt install gnome-tweak-tool && apt show gnome-tweak-tool
• Typing-Tab > Caps Lock key behaviour > Make Caps Lock an additional ESC|
001 • VIM-MODE in BASH
$ vim ~/.bashrc
> set -o vi
> bind -m vi-insert "\C-l" # clear-screen
:wq
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