[BASICS] Modular Arithmetic, what is it?

Background

Sadly, not many people enjoy Mathematics anymore (especially my class mates back in high school). Anyway, I have been reading a lot into Cryptography and various encryption algorithms recently and I was reading a bit about modular arithmetic and how it utilised.

Some of you may be thinking "What is this... why should we care?" Well, the correct answer (I think) that you work with it everyday, so it is probably worth knowing!

Modular Arithmetic is an integer (whole number) based system where numbers "wrap around" when they hit a maximum value. This will be explained with examples later.

The easiest way to see how this works in everyday life is by looking at a clock. A clock has 12 values on it, yet a day has 24 hours, correct? When working with 12 hours only the values "wrap" when they go above 12, so instead of 13 we see 1. 14 we see 2, etc.

How does this work in terms of the maths?

For anyone who has done a little bit of programming before, you have probably seen the % operator used for various functions. For those who haven't, the % symbol is known as the modulo symbol. It is used in a similar fashion as a division symbol (/) but instead of returning the result of the division, it returns the remainder. This is essentially modular arithmetic.

Examples:

10 * 5 = 50 (base 10)
10 * 5 = 0 (mod 5) because 10 * 5 = 50 / 5 = 10 remainder 0. So 0 is the result
3 + 5 = 8 (base 10)
3 + 5 = 3 (mod 5) because 3 + 5 = 8 / 5 = 1 remainder 3. So 3 is the result

Hopefully the examples make the method of modular arithmetic easy to view. Something to note, when counting the values start from 0. So working in mod 5, we would count 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. 5 then becomes 0 again, this is the "wrap around".

Coding a tool to help with mod calculations [Python 2.7]

After reading up on the subject and setting myself a few small challenges, I decided to make a quick tool using Python to help me out. The code is relatively self explanatory, but I will do a simple pseudo representation first.

Ask user for mod value
Ask user for value A
Ask user for value B

(for both adding and multiplying)
Calculate the result of A and B together
If the result is greater or equal to the mod value
Calculate the remainder

Show the results on screen

I'm not the most fluent Python coder, so if there are things that can be done easier please comment below and let me know!

# modular arithmetic toolset
import math
import sys

def calculator(mod_value, a, b):
	# add
	print "-- Addition --"
	added = a + b
	added_mod = added

	if added >= mod_value:
		added_mod = get_mod_value(added, mod_value)

	print str(a) + " + " + str(b) + " = " + str(int(added_mod))

	# multiplied
	print "-- Multiplied --"
	multiplied = a * b
	multiplied_mod = multiplied

	if multiplied >= mod_value:
		multiplied_mod = get_mod_value(multiplied, mod_value)

	print str(a) + " * " + str(b) + " = " + str(int(multiplied_mod))

def get_mod_value(total, mod_val):
	added_mod = total - (math.floor(total / mod_val) * mod_val)
	return added_mod

print "This tool will compute the mod value of your specified input."
print "Current operators: + *"

mod_value = int(raw_input("Enter your mod value: "))
value_a = int(raw_input("Enter value A: "))
value_b = int(raw_input("Enter value B: "))

calculator(mod_value, value_a, value_b)

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