Psychological Schools in the 20th Century: Psychodynamic, Behavioral and Humanistic Psychology.

In psychological work at the border of the twentieth century, the two main strands become: study of learning (ie. the acquisition of new forms of behavior / and psycho-diagnostics. Achievements in Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology are essential. Psychoanalysis focuses its efforts on exploring the depths of human psyche. Under the influence of biology and humanism, the instinct is assumed to be the internal instigator and regulating force. Psychoanalysts oppose the Behaviorist paradigm structure-function, thus directing psychological research to a whole new set of problems - subconscious mental phenomena.

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The psychoanalytic theory of the internal organization of human psyche is one of the most developed theoretical constructs in psychology. The founder of psychoanalysis in psychology is Sigmund Freud - develops a classification of psychic life that is based on the theory of psychoanalysis - three spheres of psychic life: 1. Conscious - it contains all kinds of thought patterns, experiences, models of actions that are responsible for the actual reality and are considered by the person as significant and up-to-date; the personality reaches them without any difficulty; 2. Subconscious - there are thoughts, feelings, actions that are not relevant to the specific moment, but since they are judged acceptable, their recovery does not give rise to a negative attitude; 3. Unconscious - thoughts, feelings, experiences are perceived as unacceptable by the person; the prohibition that personality imposes upon them makes impossible the direct recovery in the conscious sphere. The main energizing force for the behavior Freud sees in libido.

Libido became a major concept in his theory. It presents the development internally. It describes a number of complexes (Oedipus, Electra, for inferiority) whose action destroys the organism-environment connection. Until 1923, Freud did not explicitly insist on the Oedipus complex but talked about basic instincts shaping the behavior of the individual and the principles underlying the development of the personality - two basic instincts Eros and Tanatos; the principle of pleasure and the principle of reality; Components in the Personality Structure: - Id - an imperfect structure that contains unconscious tendencies, desires, instincts, and all those expelled from the conscious sphere and censored thoughts, experiences, actions, obeys the principle of pleasure and constantly suffers limitations in direct expression; - Ego - all components of the mature person, real desires and real goals, and present-day thoughts, experiences, actions; subject to the principle of reality; - Super Ego - contains moral norms and values, generally accepted by society rules and patterns of behavior; determines the content of the censorship imposed on the fulfillment of instincts; the emergence of conflicts - the internal struggle of the components in the personality structure - each person develops protective mechanisms that support it and help to reduce the force of tension; creates a method of psychoanalysis as a basic psychotherapeutic method (mainly for the treatment of neuroticism).

Freud's followers are divided into three main groups: 1. Psychoanalysts (Jung, Adler) - supporters of the initially hostile world; 2. Neofroudists - deny sexual instinct as the sole content of libido; 3. Neofroudists (K. Horney, E. Ford) - criticizing pseudo-sexualism and the biological nature of emerging conflicts, bring the social factor as the key to the emergence of neurotic behavior. The three groups are united in one - using Freud's free association and Freud's overall psychotherapeutic practice.