Psychological Schools in the 20th Century: Psychodynamic, Behavioral and Humanistic Psychology. /part 3/

Adler is from Freud's circle (othalmologist), who built much earlier than Jung's own scientific views. In 1907 he left Freud's circle. He calls his theory "Individual theory" because, in his opinion, the significant unit is the individual, not the common structures carried by all individuals. He rejects the idea of ​​libido as a sexual instinct, not even considering it as a cause of internal tensions. Introduces the complex from the imperfection of the physical body.According to Adler, since the human body is generally imperfect, everyone has such complexes.

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This complex creates offsetting and overcompensation processes. Healthy state is provided through the process of compensation that overcomes the complex for imperfection of the physical body by assessing the inexperienced knowledge of the body and the development of the physical body as far as possible. The process of overcompensation is connected with the pursuit of exclusivity (godlike) - as it may be a consequence; the extreme development of the physical body, the achievement of power in any form over the others. For power over others can be achieved authoritarianly, but it can also be a consequence of "godlike". For Adler, achieving power superiority and building ultimate obedience is a form of power, and is always the result of overcompensation because he has achieved his goal as an extraordinary (godlike) concept. The totally subordinate God-like of his efforts to limit the development of one's own personality and to obey others. The pursuit of Godlike character raises the formulation of fictitious, inactive goals (behind the person) that hinder development. The pursuit of exclusivity limits the exploration of own opportunities and their realization. Adler believes that the cause of neurotic behavior is rooted in the individual's environment, and so he studies the family and sequence of the children in it. Adler's individual psychology is the forerunner of a new direction in psychology of neurosis, which he considers as a major cause of neuroticism - the social factor. This direction is called Neofroudism - they create essential criticism - not instinct, and the social is the cause of neuroticism.

About the cause of neurotic symptoms - the social factor, a term introduced for the first time by neofidists, writes Karen Horney. Besides general theory, she creates and writes on the psychology of the woman. Horney is a feminist. Together with From they profess Marxism. She is a psychoanalyst practitioner until 1933, expressing the only doubts about Freud's pseudoscience. Horns reports an accumulation of cases of neuroticism that can not be explained by individual psychic states being pushed out of consciousness. Later in her work she published many books, including "The Neurotic Personality of Our Time". She emigrated to America, where she organized the first psychoanalytic institute. In it he invites Form to read lectures. Horney believes that the child evaluates the surrounding world as hostile because it is unknown. If supported by parents or adults through a constant statement, a declaration of affection, it overcomes fear from the outside world and begins to explore it. This is how the confident, seeking a healthy person grows. If there is a parent-child relationship, if it receives criticism without a declaration of affection, the fear grows because the child is defined as the only one in the world. This is how basic anxiety develops, that is, fear in principle (no stated reason). In the process of growth, the individual can not overcome the basic anxiety and it is the cause of neurotic symptoms. According to Horney, this is the way for the social factor. Neuroscience presents itself by building neurotic needs, according to her, they are 14. It describes three types of neurotic behaviors and uses the vector (movement): movement towards people; movement from people to oneself; movement against people (aggressive behavior).

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part 2