#7 - Violent Volcanos 暴力火山

1.A volcano is a place where hot, liquid rock (magma) bursts out of the Earth.
At the Earth's surface, magma is called lava. Red-hot lava can be seen flowing or shooting out of a volcano. After a volcano erupts, the lava cools into solid rock. These rocky layers build the volcano higher and higher with each eruption.

2.The biggest eruptions happen when pressure builds up underground.
The magma pushes up and up, but the crust on top stops it from escaping. The ground bulges and swells, until the magma finally bursts out in a huge explosion.

V When first erupted, the temperature of lava is between 700 and 1300 degrees Centigrade. V

3.The biggest volcanic eruption ever recorded was the eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia in 1815.
The eruption was heard on the island of Sumatra, over 2000 kilometers away. Ash from the eruption filled the sky and blocked out sunlight all around the Earth. It made the weather very cold, and people called 1816 'the year without a summer'.

V Mount Etna in Italy is a large, active volcano. Its fertile slopes are used by farmers to grow crops. V

4.Volcanoes can be killers.
Victims can be burned by hot lava, hit by flying rocks, suffocated under hot ash or poisoned by gas. After the eruption, ash can mix with rainwater to make fast-flowing mud that can drown whole towns. People are in danger from eruptions because there are many towns and farms close to volcanos. This is partly because volcanic ash helps to make the land fertile for growing crops.

5.A volcano can build a brand-new island!
In 1963, smoke and steam began to billow out of the sea near Iceland. A volcano was erupting on the seabed. As the lava and ash piled up, it built a new island. The island was named Surtsey. Gradually, moss, grass, and trees began to grow, and birds and insects began to live there.

V The island of Surtsey today, more than 40 years after it appeared out of the sea. V

A diy project for a Vinegar Volcano Model!

You will need:
Vinegar,
Bicarbonate of soda,
Red food coloring,
Sand,
Tray,
Jug,
and a Plastic bottle.

Step 1: Put a tablespoon of bicarbonate soda in the plastic bottle.
Step 2: Stand the bottle on a tray and make a cone of sand around it.
Step 3: Put a few drops of red coloring in half a cup of vinegar.
Step 4: Tip the vinegar into a jug then pour it into the bottle.
Step 5: In a few moments, the volcano should erupt with red, frothy 'lava'.

火山是一个热，液体岩石（岩浆）从地球爆发的地方。
在地球表面，岩浆被称为熔岩。可以看到红热的熔岩流动或从火山射出。火山爆发后，熔岩变成固体岩石。这些岩层在每次喷发时都建立起越来越高的火山。

当压力在地下建成时，最大的爆发发生。
岩浆推起来，但顶部的外壳阻止了它的逃脱。地面隆起并膨胀，直到岩浆终于爆发出巨大爆炸。

V当第一次爆发时，熔岩的温度在700到1300摄氏度之间。 V

曾经记录的最大的火山喷发是1815年在印度尼西亚的Tambora山爆发。
在2000多公里外的苏门答腊岛上发生了爆发事件。喷发的灰烬填满了天空，阻挡了地球周围的阳光。天气很冷，人们叫1816年，没有夏天。

V意大利的埃特纳火山是一座大型的活跃的火山。其肥沃的山坡被农民用作种植作物。 V

火山可以是杀手。
受火人员可以被热熔岩焚烧，飞溅的岩石撞击，灼热的灰烬或气体中毒。爆发后，灰可与雨水混合，制成快速流动的泥土，淹没全镇。人们有爆发的危险，因为有许多城镇和农场靠近火山。这部分是因为火山灰有助于使土地肥沃地种植作物。

一座火山可以建一座全新的岛屿！
1963年，烟雾和蒸汽开始从冰岛附近的海洋中浮出水面。火山喷发在海床上。随着熔岩和灰堆积起来，它建成了一个新的岛屿。该岛被命名为Surtsey。渐渐地，苔藓，草和树木开始生长，鸟类和昆虫开始住在那里。

V今天Surtsey岛，出现在海上40多年了。 V

醋火山模型的diy项目！

你会需要：
尖酸刻薄，
碳酸氢钠苏打水，
红色食物着色，
砂，
托盘，
壶，
和塑料瓶。

步骤1：将一汤匙碳酸氢钠苏打放在塑料瓶中。
步骤2：将瓶子放在托盘上，并在其周围形成一个沙子。
步骤3：在半杯醋中放几滴红色。
步骤4：将醋浸入水罐中，然后倒入瓶子中。
步骤5：在一段时间内，火山应该会爆发出红色的泡沫“熔岩”。