BUMO- Powering Blockchain Ecosystem for Internet of Value

Any party/enterprise can create a multisig account in Bumo Blockchain and the most important feature is "account weightage". So a company can open a multisig account and assign different weightage to the different designates working in that company and the weightage is on the basis of the decision making power, the different designates exercise.

For example, if there is a company where there are different levels of workers with different hierarchy like Ground Workers, Managers, Executives, General Managers, Director, CEO etc, so it is obvious that different designates will have different decision making ability within the organization. So in BUMO Blockchain, different weightage can be assigned based on the different levels and decision making power of a particular designation.

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For the operation to become successful, the combined weightage of a multisig account should be more than or equal to threshold operation value, otherwise the operation will be rejected.

This feature of BUMO Blockchain enables its mass adoption for big enterprises.

Merkle Patricia Trie

It uses the capabilities of Merkle Tree and the Patricia Tree for "effective storage of data".

Every block contains thousands of data and if the data will be stored in a liner/series manner, then it will become inefficient and time consuming and when it is required to retrieve the data then it will again become hectic and cumbersome. With the use of Merkle tree, it becomes easy to find out a particular transaction and it saves a lot of time also. And a particular transaction corresponding to a block can be easily traced.

Patricia tree has a binary choice at each node while traversing the tree. So it reduces the depth of the tree and increases the balance of the tree.

The Trailer System for Large Scale Data

Trailer means "differential storage mechanism" and it helps in storing large scale and complex data in blockchain. So the "Trailer System" differentiates the data into two categories:-

Off-chain data

On-chain data

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BUMO has an open sourced distributed storage engine database for all of its on-chain data and is known as ChainDB, which helps in:-

addition of new nodes

ensuring availability, so that system can be recovered quickly in case of failure

Off-chain data storage in BUMO is done through IPFS. It helps in:-

diverse storage

reduction of burden in blockchain

reduction in hardware cost

Orbit Architecture

The Orbit Architecture consists of Main Chain and child Chain.
The main Chain is always a single main chain.
The Child Chain can be a single sub chain or multiple sub chain.

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Main Chain selects the validators of the sub chain, sub chain block proposers and stores the final state of the sub chain.
It has two nodes:-

Normal Node

Validator Node

Child Chain can be designed on the basis of either BUMO blockchain or can be designed to suit the requirement of a particular enterprise/business who are developing on the top of BUMO chain.

The major take from here is "the expandable feature of sub chain" which makes BUMO blockchain more efficient and scalable for adoption in large enterprises.

Interoperability

BUMO tries to solve the issue of "interoperability" by implementing "canal" system. A canal consist of two layers:-

Main Chains

Cross Chains

Main chain consists of collection nodes and validation nodes. Validation nodes are responsible for the consensus in cross chain.

There are several layers through which the interaction happens.

(1) In the first layer, the contract is divided into inter-chain contract and intra-chain contract. So here the cross chain communication and intra chain communication takes place.
(2) In the second layer, light verification takes place which is a proof that the cross chain transactions exist.
(3) The third layer is the transaction itself.
(4) The fourth layer is the time log of the transaction.

Consensus is basically a general agreement to validate a transaction within a network. Blockchain works in a distributed ledger. It is structured in a peer to peer network. So it follows a node to node protocol and this node to node protocol is liner in nature. The available and most commonly used consensus algorithm are:-

(1) PoW

In PoW(Proof of Work) mechanism, the computers in the network solve a cryptographic puzzle consisting of mathematical function(hash) in order to validate a transaction.

It is the first ever implemented and most common consensus mechanism.

It involves a lot of energy and hence not environment friendly.

Theoretically it is vulnerable to 51% attack.

(2)PoS

Here the consensus is established by the stakeholder in the blockchain. So the network selects the individual based on their proportions of stake in the network.

It enhances speed, efficiency and does not require any kind of hardware.

It has the disadvantage that the large stake holder could become a dictator and may try to destruct the system.

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(3) DPoS

It enhances the democratic spirit within the consensus of a network and the individuals with smaller stake can also participate and establish the consensus.

It has the advantage of striking a balance between large and small stake holders.

Real time voting is ensured with DPoS.

It has the disadvantage of getting centralized to some extent.

As validators are few in numbers, it is vulnerable to attack.

Now let's try to understand the liner protocol which works like a "gossip" protocol.

Example

Suppose 'Amit' sends 1 BTC to 'Biplab', then the closest node nearest to it will first get to know about the transaction and then the other neighboring nodes will get to know about the transaction thereafter and it continues like that.

Because of its liner nature, the transaction speed gets lower significantly. Again if there will be more number of nodes, then it will again slower the overall time period of a transaction.

Therefore the speed of transaction is a major challenge in the available consensus algorithm of a blockchain and in order to bring blockchain to main stream and to make it a viable option in a broader segment, it is essential to address the issue of "transaction speed".

How could BUMO help

Both PoW and PoS requires supermajority approval from all the nodes where as DPoS needs a few chosen validators to reach a consensus in the network.

BUMO tries to optimize the advantageous aspect of DPoS and creates a two layer multi chain consensus algorithm which works on the principle of DPoS voting and generates validation nodes for the main chain. Then the selected validated nodes will generate the blocks through BFT algorithm. In this way BUMO achieves higher transaction speed, better scalability and enhanced security and this is called "BU Firework".

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Note :- BFT means Byzantine Fault Tolerance. In BFT algorithm, all the parties in the process get to know each other. Byzantine Failure is generally considered as the most difficult class of failure modes and BFT algorithm tolerates that class of failure modes and hence BFT is the most tolerant algorithm.

So BUMO works with DPoS voting protocol so as to enhance speed and uses BFT algorithm to enhance security.

So two layer mechanism in BUMO consists of main chain and sub-chain consensus.

Main Chain Consensus

Voting is done as per the DPoS protocol and the blocks are generated by the selected validated nodes using BFT algorithm and here the validation nodes are full nodes.

Sub Chain Consensus

Here the blocks are generated by proposers and then the block header is submitted to main chain for validation. Here VRF(Verifiable Random Function) algorithm is used so that validation nodes are randomly generated. These validation nodes are very dynamic in nature which makes the system highly resistant to any kind of attack.

Any smart device connected to the BUMO network can become a node. Some of the qualified nodes are selected as candidate nodes and from these candidate nodes validator nodes are elected through DPoS voting protocol. These validator nodes are responsible for the operation and maintenance of nodes in blockchain and they collect the network transaction fees.

Here is the flow chart of how "BU Firework" triggers.

So from above, it is clearly evident that BUMO uses DPoS voting protocol so as to enhance the speed of transaction and uses BFT algorithm to cater the disadvantageous aspect of DPoS mechanism. BFT algorithm avoids centralization of the network. It makes the network more dynamic and it ensures stable nodes. Most importantly, the two layer system in BUMO makes the network more resistant to attacks.

So in this way BUMO solves the issues like "speed of transaction", "security" & "scalability".

Here value transfer is not just limited to "money". In fact money is only a number that is assigned for the valuation of an asset. And value can be any asset, be it fixed asset, or mobile asset or digital asset etc.

In 21st century the entire world is getting digitalized and there is enormous flow of information, data etc are happening everyday. But the problem is that these are happening through centralized server. So the flow of value might be dynamic but that is being routed through a third party, so when it is being routed through a third party then it can not be called as secured. So there is a need of technology which can remove the third in transaction, yet become more dynamic just like flow of information.

When it comes to transfer of value, then it generally happens in blockchain in the following ways:-

Transfer happens through broadcasting of a transaction

Then it gets validated in the network

Then the validated transaction is stored into a block

Then the block becomes a part of the blockchain which can not be altered

Now when it comes to secure transfer of value then the following parameters comes into picture:-

In a transfer, one peer should be able to identify the other peer under consideration in such a way that identity theft is not possible

The transfer should be tamper proof

Both the peer should be able to check the status of a transaction

The secured transfer of value in a blockchain is enhanced with public key and private key.

In a digital world, both speed and security are equally important. Even with having a decentralized technology since 2009, major enterprises and businesses are still sticking with centralized protocol just because of the fact that they need real time interaction, so for the present competitive world "speed of transaction" is a predominant criteria to adopt a technology.

Second aspect is "security". In a digital world it becomes highly vulnerable to attack, so until the technology make their system/network tamper proof, hack proof, it will be difficult to find a place to become main stream. Apart from that here "security" also refers to the elimination of third party in a transaction.

So in order to achieve security, there is a need of blockchain technology with multi layer consensus mechanism to make it resistant to any kind of attack and in order to achieve speed, the blockchain must be scalable enough, means it should be able to process high number transaction per second just like the centralized protocol does.

Both speed and security are two such areas where there is a lot of work is to be done so that it will be in the horizon of likeliness to be adopted by large enterprises.

BUMO chain is designed in such a way that it has addressed both the issues like "speed" and "security" to a great extent and that is why it has that potential to become mainstream. BUMO has a two layer consensus mechanism to make it scalable and resistant to attack and at the same time it keeps the network decentralized. BUMO chain has a capability of up to 10000 transactions per second.

Blockchain was evolved with an aim to keep the decentralization spirit in a network intact. But when it comes to consensus algorithm to reach a general agreement, it tends to be centralized with the passage of time which is against the spirit of decentralization.

In PoW consensus, the large powerhouses have significant control over mining power. So they may monopolize at times which is against the spirit of decentralization. Similarly in PoS consensus, the large stake holder may try to destruct the network with a malign interest.

In this context BUMO is fair and transparent to the network, as any smart device can become a node in the chain and the validator nodes are elected through lottery and these validator nodes are responsible for real time updation and maintenance of the blockchain. So in this way it keeps the spirit of decentralization intact.

A smart contract can become popular and become mainstream if it has the following characteristics:-

It should be user friendly

It should be flexible

It should be reliable

Smart contract in BUMO works in BuVM(BUMo Virtual Machine). The Smart Contract Framework in BUMO is constituted in such a way that:-

It enables better performance

It enhances security

It enables developer-friendly environment

The different components of the framework are: Bambook, BuOracle, BuDapp, BuVM.

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BUMO smart contract is designed in such a way that the users are sufficiently empowered to manage tokens without smart contract. This is one of the unique feature of BUMO which makes it different from other smart contract.

In other traditional smart contract, the users/developers are required to learn a new language and create smart contract and BUMO makes it easy as it has numerous templates that allow users to create high level applications without the requirement of being a developer. BUMO Contract is generally deployed in Javascript and BuVM also supports C/C++, Python etc.

Data and the real world are coordinated via two methods through BuContract:

(i) A “real” data contract is generated and maintained by the data provider through a deposit; the deposit can be lost if validators deem the provider of the data is acting illicitly

(ii) The contract notifies the oracle (BuOracle, BUMO Oracle) of which data needs to be obtained by some triggering event programmed into its smart contract, after the oracle processes the event and returns a value that value is returned to BuVM

There is a construction company named as Nagarjuna Construction Company, popularly known as NCC Ltd which has the expertise to undertake advanced construction works/projects in major industries and they have a large set up of advanced construction methodology. They are currently working in 9 projects.. Their head office is in Hyderabad. The PMIC office of Hyderabad collects all the data like manpower deployment, total volume of concreting on day to day basis in each project, total mobile and immobile installed equipments at various locations of the project site.

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The CEO of NCC Ltd wants the PMIC team to have a real time reporting rather than day to day reporting, so PMIC office of NCC Ltd is looking at implementation of blockchain technology for real time interactions with the various project sites. After receiving so many proposals they have short listed Bitcoin, Etherum and BUMO chain and the CEO wants one of the chain to implement so as to have a real time reporting of different project sites. "Make a comparative illustration between the three short listed chain in this use-case that convinced the CEO to take a final call to integrate with BUMO chain".

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After evaluation of all the three chains, the CEO and PMIC team got to know that the different digital hardware which is installed at different project sites of NCC Ltd can be used as node in BUMO chain. Further every chain in BUMO consists of Main chain and Sub chain and again the sub chain is expandable in nature. So the Subchain can be designed based on the requirement of NCC Ltd. They have now 9 project site locations and if they wish to take up more projects then the number of project office will further be increased and as the sub chain of BUMO is expandable in nature, it perfectly fits to the requirement of NCC Ltd.

Secondly the CEO wants a real time interaction with different projects sites. They already have different digital hardwares installed at their project sites and the CEO got to know that these devices can be used as nodes in BUMO chain. Further he got to know that BUMO chain can scale up to 10000 transactions per second. So now he fully convinced that the real time interaction with different project sites can be possible with BUMO chain.

Further the CEO got to know that BuVM technology of BUMO chain has ready made existing templates which will make it easier for implementation.

The CEO checks the comparative analysis of all three short listed chains and finally took a call and decides to integrate with BUMO chain so as to meet their requirement of real time reporting of different project sites.

The team of BUMO has really done a lot of work in order to address the challenging issues of blockchain technology and genuine efforts have been made to bring the blockchain technology to mainstream by providing real solutions and to make it a viable option for implementation by enterprises.

More Information & Resources

BUMO Website
BUMO WhitePaper
BUMO TechnicalPaper
BUMO Telegram
BUMO Weibo
BUMO Reddit
BUMO Facebook
BUMO Twitter
BUMO Github
BUMO Wallet

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